美国著作权法的历史-美国有哪些著作权法

美国有哪些著作权法

Preface: Amendments to Title 17 since 1976Chapter 1: Subject Matter and Scope of CopyrightChapter 2: Copyright Ownership and TransferChapter 3: Duration of CopyrightChapter 4: Copyright Notice, Deposit, and RegistrationChapter 5: Copyright Infringement and RemediesChapter 6: Manufacturing Requirement and ImportationChapter 7: Copyright OfficeChapter 8: Proceedings by Copyright Royalty JudgesChapter 9: Protection of Semiconductor Chip ProductsChapter 10: Digital Audio Recording Devices and MediaChapter 11: Sound Recordings and Music VideosChapter 12: Copyright Protection and Management SystemsChapter 13: Protection of Original DesignsAppendix A: The Copyright Act of 1976Appendix B: The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998Appendix C: The Copyright Royalty and Distribution Reform Act of 2004Appendix D: The Satellite Home Viewer Extension and Reauthorization Act of 2004Appendix E: The Intellectual Property Protection and Courts Amendments Act of 20042009 Appendix FTitle 18 — The Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act of 20082009 Appendix G — Title 18 — Crimes and Criminal Procedure, U. S. Code2009 Appendix H — Title 28 — Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, U. S. Code2009 Appendix I — Title 44 — Public Printing and Documents, U. S. Code2009 Appendix J — The Berne Convention Implementation Act of 19882009 Appendix K — The Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 19942009 Appendix L — GATT ⁄ Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement, Part II2009 Appendix M — Definition of “Berne Convention Work这国现行的著作权相关法律，在美国法典（United State Code)中被称为Title 17.http://www.copyright.gov这个是美国著作权办公室的网站，http://www.copyright.gov/title17/这个分页就是关于著作权法律的目录。 集群智慧云企服，企业服务好帮手！https://www.jiqunzhihui.net/

英日对照翻译的知识产介绍，希望对你有用アメ知财戦略の基识(BASICS OF US IP STRATEGY)Four Types of Intellectual Property（4种类の知的财产権）Patents （特许）Trademarks（商标）Copyright（著作権）Trade Secrets（トレードシークレット）What is Patent?（特许とは何か）Definition of patent（特许の定义）The right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the invention throughout the United StatesLimitations of patent（特许権の限界）Geographical（地理的限界）A patent issued by one country cannot be enforced in another – the inventor or its assignee must apply in each country in which patent protection is desiredTime（时间的限界）A patent is enforceable for a limited period; 20 years from filing date for most types, 14 years for any new, original and ornamental design for an article of manufactureWhat is patentable?（何が特许の対象となるか）Processes（プロセス、方法）Apparatus（机械）Manufactured goods（制品）Compositions of matters （组成物）(such as chemical compounds)What are the requirements?（特许要件は何か）An invention must beNovel （新规性）non-obvious（非自明性）Useful（有用性）One Year Time Limits for Filing in US（1年间のアメリカにおける特许出愿期间）An application must be filed within one year of the earliest of any of the following:the date that the invention is offered for sale or sold in the United States.the date that the invention is used in public in the United States;the date that the invention is published anywhere in the world;Steps for Obtaining a Patent in US（特许取得までの流れ）Consulting with a patent attorneyConducting a patentability search on the inventionPreparing a disclosure of the inventionPreparing and filing patent application in the US Patent and Trademark Office (PTO)Examination by PTO and PTO’s office actionPublication in 18 months after filing dateSubmitting responsesNotice of Allowance by PTO and payment of an issue feeIssuance of patentWho Owns an Invention?（谁が発明の所有者か）Between employer and employee（雇用者と従业员间）Without written assignment or implied-in-fact assignment (in the case that an employee was hired for the specific purpose of the invention), an employee owns the inventionEmployer obtains only a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use the invention （Shop Right）Importance of a written assignment agreementWho Owns an Invention? （谁が発明の所有者か）Between co-inventors or co-developers（共同発明家、开発者间）Without an agreement, each joint inventor or each joint developer has a full right to the inventionTwo companies end up as joint owners of the invention and any resulting patentEach company may use it freelyImportance of a written agreement regarding which party owns it, how they can use the invention, how they can exploit the invention, and how they will share profitWhat is a Trade Secret?（トレードシークレットとは何か）Information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program device, method, technique, or process, that are protected by trade secret law.Such as know-how (e.g.manufacturing techniques); business information (e.g. new product information, business methods, source of supply, customers lists, and even knowledge of a particular customer’s needs), and ideas (e.g. innovations relating to new technology and manufacturing methods).Example:CoCa Cola Formula(コカコーラの原液の组成）Three Conditions for Protection（保护のための3つの要件）The information must not be “generally known” or “readily ascertainable” through proper means. （一般に知られていないこと）The information must have “independent economic value” due to its secrecy. （秘密にすることに経済的価値があること）The trade secret holder must use reasonable efforts under the circumstances to protect the secrecy of the information.（秘密を守ることに合理的な努力をしていること）Reasonable Measures to Keep Secret（秘密を守る合理的な方法）A trade secret holder must use “reasonable measures under the circumstances” to protect the confidentiality of the information.Two Protection Measures （2种类の保护制度）Two broad categories of measures that a business can take to protect the secrecy of its trade secrets:physical security measures （物理的秘密保护制度）, andnotice measures（通知による秘密保护制度）.Physical security measures prevent people who do not need to know the information from coming in contact with the information (e.g., confidentiality barriers).Notice measures put persons who come in contact with the information on notice that the information is to remain secret.Physical Security Measures（物理的秘密保护制度）A business should:determine how information flows into, through and out of the business;place physical security barriers wherever reasonable; andseek to preclude access by all those who do not need to know the information.Notice Measures （通知による秘密保护制度）Generally, an employee will not be held responsible for keeping information confidential if the employer has not expressed any desire to keep the information confidential. Therefore, all employees (and others) with access to confidential information should be given express notice as to what information is to remain confidential.Notice Measures （通知による秘密保护制度）Choose procedures that will be easy to show to a court (i.e., leave a paper trail wherever possible).Any communication that identifies either what information is confidential or how to handle confidential information will work as a notice measure (e.g., employee handbooks, memorandum,, newsletters, and signs).Notice Measures （通知による秘密保护制度）Non-Disclosure Agreement（秘密保持契约） Should be SignedTrade secrets are often lost through disclosures in the absence of a Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA).NDA for EmployeesNDA for Business PartnerTrade Secret Protection （トレードシークレットの保护内容）Trade secret law prevents misappropriation (i.e., wrongful taking of trade secret information).A wrongful taking can occur in a variety of manners.For example, the taking of information would be wrongful when the taking is a: breach of contract, breach of fiduciary obligation, theft, or other legal wrong.Injunctive Relief and DamagesPatent vs. Trade Secret（特许とトレードシークレット）Patent advantages(特许の长所）Perfect exclusivity – you can stop others from using the invention even if others independently developed the inventionPatent disadvantages（特许の短所）Limited period of protectionDiscloses technologyPatent vs. Trade Secret （特许とトレードシークレット）Trade secret advantages（トレードシークレットの长所）Unlimited period of protectionInventions maintained in secrecyTrade secret disadvantages（トレードシークレットの短所）Cannot stop others form using the invention if it was independently developed by the others or if it was discovered by reverse engineering.Easily lost if it is disclosed to publicA third-party patentee could stop a trade secret owner from performing a trade secret, even if the trade secret owner invented (but never disclosed) firstWhat is Copyright?（著作権とは何か）A Copyright is an intellectual property right to protect the tangible expression of ideas（具体的な考えの表现）, not to protect an idea itself.For example, a copyright protects an author of a book from having the work copied but does not protect the author from having the ideas disclosed in the book utilized.Subject Matter of Copyright（著作権の対象）(1) literary works（文芸著作物）;(2) musical works, including accompanying words（音楽著作物）;(3) dramatic works, including any accompanying music（演剧著作物）;(4) pantomimes and choreographic works（舞踏振り付けの著作物）;(5) pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works（図画雕刻著作物）;(6) motion pictures and other audiovisual works（动画视聴覚著作物）;(7) sound recordings（录音著作物）; and(8) architectural works（建筑著作物）.Subject Matter of Copyright （著作権の対象）Computer Programs/Software（コンピュータープログラム、ソフトウエア－）:Prior to 1980 courts generally viewed computer programs as literary works protected by copyright as literary works. A 1980 amendment to the Copyright Act extended copyright protection to computer programs, which it defined as “a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in a computer to bring about a certain result.”Subject Matter of Copyright （著作権の対象）Derivative Works（派生著作物）A “derivative work” is a work based upon preexisting material to which enough original creative work has been added so that the new work represents an original work of authorship.Examples of a derivative work include an English translation of a book written in Japanese, a movie based on a book, and a jazz version of a pop song.Remaking right (リメーク権） is one type of copyrights to derivative works.How to obtain a Copyright（著作権の取得方法）A copyright starts to exist as soon as a work of expression is rendered in some fixed, tangible form, such as a book, word processor file, audio recording, digital recording, etc.A registration is not required for a valid US copyright.How to obtain a Copyright （著作権の取得方法）Two Requirements of Copyrightability(著作権の2要件）(1) Fixation（固定性）. The work must be fixed in a tangible medium of expression. That means it must be reduced to some physical form or representation “sufficiently permanent or stable to permit it to be perceived, reproduced or otherwise communicated for a period of more than transitory duration.”How to obtain a Copyright （著作権の取得方法）(2) Originality（独创性）. There are two aspects to originality – independent creation and a modest quantum of creativity:A. Independent Creation（独立した创造）. This condition is met if the work was not copied from another work. This condition does not require the work to be new, novel, or unique.B. Quantum of Creativity（わずかの创造性）. This condition is met if the work demonstrates a minimal amount of creative authorship. Artistic merit or aesthetic value is not required. 请注意，本篇文章来自集群智慧云企服www.jiqunzhihui.net

美国的知识产权法在USSC中，有专门的 拉汉姆 法，该法中包括版权。此外，美国是判例法国家，所以，你懂的……WESTLAW里很好找。 AAA认证办理首选集群智慧云企服https://www.jiqunzhihui.net/

此后版权法被多变来适应新技术如的出现，也来扩展保护的时此外一些其它的改变。美国法庭对宪法第八款的理解是版权的目的是鼓励创造对公共有利的作品，因此假如公共利益与作家利益之间产生冲突的话，那么公共利益比作家利益的地位高。这个理解方法导致了合理使用法律的产生。一些版权拥有者试图扩展法律为他们提供的版权的应用范围导致了滥用版权。美国版权法区分“主意”和“实行”这两个基本概念，但这两个概念之间的界线不十分明确。一份描写一个工业过程的论文受版权保护，任何人未得到作者允许不准拷贝这份论文，但这个工业过程本身不受版权保护，它可以受专利保护。另一个作者可以用他自己的语言来描写同一工业过程而不侵犯原作者的版权。至于一个故事、一部小说或电影中的人物是否受版权保护不同的法庭意见不同。1976年版权法注明：原作品的版权绝对不涉及到其中的任何主意、程序、过程、系统、操作技术、规划、原理或发现，不论原作品如何描述、解释、图示或代表这些主意。事实被看作是“主意”和“发现”的同义词。不过版权法第103款允许保护“编辑”中的选择和排列所体现的创造力。但这个保护仅限于选择和排列，而不限于事实本身，事实本身可以随便拷贝。美国最高法庭在一次判决中还明确规定一个编辑必须有创造性才受保护，因此电话簿不受保护，不论编辑电话簿需要多少工作，其编辑不需要创造性工作因此不受保护。有时一部作品的作者是谁不很清楚。比如假如一个公司雇用某人来写一部作品的话。在这种情况下法庭判决公司，而不是雇员是作者，也拥有版权。作者可以出售、转让或授权版权。比如一个作者可以授权一个外国出版商翻译他的书。美国版权也允许一个作家（或其继承人）在转让后35到40年中收回其版权或在版权生效56到61年后收回其版权。但作者及其继承人无法强迫收回这个版权。在美国，隶属美国国会图书馆的美国版权局管理版权问题。美国法典第17篇，第105节规定：这篇中规定的版权不适合于任何美国政府的作品，但美国政府不被禁止通过授权或购买或其它方式获得和持转让的版权。这一条的目的在于将所有美国政府的工作放入公有领域。所有美国政府职员在执行他们的工作义务时创造的作品都属于这个范畴。1988年美国加入伯尔尼保护文学和艺术品公约，此公约从1989年3月1日开始在美国生效。美国也签署了与知识产权有关贸易协定，这个协定本身要求服从伯尔尼公约。为了满足这个协定版权保护被扩展到建筑物。由于美国版权法中的合理使用条例比较强，一些学者怀疑美国法律是否完全符合伯尔尼公约和与知识产权有关贸/div> AAA认证办理首选集群智慧云企服https://www.jiqunzhihui.net/

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